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  3. 運動心理學三招式 關鍵時刻發揮實力不失常

運動心理學三招式 關鍵時刻發揮實力不失常

2021/4/12
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一名大學公開組投手因曾經在練習賽中丟到隊友,造成心中陰霾;此後只要有人站上打擊區,便會怕再度丟到人,使得比賽中嚴重失常,得了大家常說的「投球失憶症」。後來經由朋友介紹,得知中國醫藥大學新竹附設醫院身心科心理師符力中專長為運動心理學,尋求幫助。

 

符力中在與選手互動時,教導選手腹式呼吸與自我對話對話因應場上的焦慮狀態,並結合生理回饋儀器中的客觀數據呈現。經過6次治療後,選手表示在大專盃時投出了觸身球後,那種身體不舒服、焦慮的感受又再度湧現;但這次,靠著平常的訓練嘗試調整自我狀態,當下一個球投了好球時,頓時有種「突破自我」的興奮感。往後,選手在面對打者時已經不會有任何令他不舒服的感覺。

 

符力中表示,在運動競技中,選手往往把比較多的心力放在技術(專項技巧,像是投籃、戰術演練等)和體能(做重量、衝刺等)上,忽略心理層面的重要性。其實,「心理狀態」才是影響比賽中能不能實際發揮平常訓練成果的關鍵因素;以棒球為例,影響比賽當天狀態有8成是心理狀態,剩下2成是技術表現。

 

符力中指出,實務上有許多技巧可以協助提升選手的運動表現,像是腹式呼吸、意象訓練與自我對話等。腹式呼吸、漸進式肌肉放鬆等技巧都可以協助選手在焦慮情境中放鬆;透過吐氣時間大於吸氣時間,幫助活化副交感神經,平靜下來。此外,腹式呼吸也有轉移注意力的功能,可以幫助把焦慮害怕的想法轉移到呼吸之中。

 

另外,意象訓練是幫助選手想像自己的完美動作,有助於自己達到實際動作訓練的效果。在執行意象訓練時,透過場景、動作設定等方式,協助選手預備比賽。許多研究顯示,當選手可以執行高質量的意象訓練時,其效果等同於實際練習的量;對於受傷的人,意象訓練可以縮短他們從受傷到重返賽場的時間。

 

自我對話是用來幫助自己專注、聚焦的語句,他可以是一句短短的話,也可以是一個詞彙。像是:「我可以的!」、「專注」等,自我對話沒有一定要說什麼不可,只要說出來對自己有功效,那就是很棒的一句話了!

 

符力中強調,不只是運動員,一般人也可以透過心理學讓自己成長!運動員追求的是更短的秒數、跑得更快、跳得越高等相關表現;褪去球衣換上衣服進入辦公室,一般人追求的是更好的業績、達成績效與目標。因此,可以看到,無論是運動員還是一般大眾,追求的都是「表現」!

 

不是只有運動員在賽場上會受壓力、情緒、專注力等因素影響表現。上班族在面對研發、專案時,面對時間壓力,上司的壓力,同事間的關係等因素,也會影響到上班族的工作表現。可以看出運動心理學不僅僅只是運用在運動員身上而已;只要和表現有關係,可以靠著腹式呼吸和意象訓練以及自我對話讓自己更好!

 

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